Due to the strain stiffening behavior of fibrin, ADV induced a 4-fold increase in stiffness in regions of the ARS proximal to the ADV-generated bubble versus distal regions. Two types of ADV-generated bubble responses were observed in ARSs: super-shelled spherical bubbles, with a growth rate of 31 μm/day in diameter, as well as fluid-filled macropores, possibly as a result of acoustically-driven microjetting. ADV-generated bubbles significantly reduced fibrin pore size and quantity within the ARS. As a result of ADV-induced mechanical strain, localized restructuring of fibrin occurred at the bubble-fibrin interface, leading to formation of locally denser regions. ARSs, containing phase-shift double emulsion (PSDE, mean diameter: 6.3 μm), were exposed to focused ultrasound to generate ADV – the phase transitioning of the PSDE into gas bubbles. ![]() Here, we study the ADV-induced, time-dependent micromechanical and microstructural changes to the fibrin matrix in ARSs using confocal fluorescence microscopy as well as atomic force microscopy. ARSs respond to ultrasound in an on-demand, spatiotemporally-controlled manner via a mechanism termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). ![]() Acoustically-responsive scaffolds (ARSs), which are composite fibrin hydrogels, have been used to deliver regenerative molecules.
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